Abstract Traditional shrimp paste was produced by Litopenaeus vannamei head as a low-priced by-product instead of the tradition raw material. Partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride at 0%, 30% and 50% was done to reduce risk of hypertension. The reduction of aw and increment of pH, total volatile bases nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and degree of hydrolysis (DH) were found in all treatments. After fermentation for 90 d, total viable count (TVC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) decreased, with no pathogenic microorganisms found. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibition (%) of shrimp head was close to captopril at 2.17 ng/mL but lower than shrimp head paste and captopril at 4.35 ng/mL. Sensory score of all treatments were lower than that of commercial shrimp paste. Partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride at 50% can be done in shrimp head paste but further study required to improve consumer acceptability.

Abstract Thunbergia laurifolia has been used for folklore medicine and consumed as an herbal tea in Thailand ancient times. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of aqueous crude extracts of T. laurifolia leaves on endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and anti-insecticides property using three types of cells. Murine macrophage (RAW264.7), human embryonic kidney (HEK293), and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, were treated with crude extract either combined, pre, and post-treatment exposure to chlorpyrifos (CP) and methomyl (MT). Cell viability was determined using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test to find out anti-insecticide properties. Results indicated that crude extract increased catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities while decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in HEK293 and HepG2 cells and improved cells viability in all cell types induced by CP and MT toxins. The crude extract provided a protection and recovery effect on CP and MT insecticides better than atropine sulfate (AS) standard drug especially in HepG2 and HEK293 cells. Therefore, it was concluded that crude extract can improve antioxidant enzymes level and can be used as anti-insecticides. However, more investigation is needed to play it safe for functional drinks by processing in animal model further.

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the changes number of cells of the two selected probiotic bacteria, B. longum TISTR2195 and L. plantarum TISTR1465, and yeast S. cerevisiae TISTR8656. The microorganisms were cultured in two types of media, namely selective media and protein base model. Selective media were divided into 4 sub-groups: with 2% glucose added as a positive control (i), inulin (ii), fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) (iii), and without added carbon source as negative control (iv). Protein base media had chicken egg and coconut juice, baker’s yeast and potassium chloride (i), with 9% FOS (ii), or inulin (iii), or 7.34% whey protein (iv) to verify growth. All the probiotics were able to utilize inulin and FOS to growth. The numbers of cells increased with incubation time. However, L. plantarum produced an acidic in the selective culture medium significantly. Protein based with FOS and inulin added supported all probiotics growth. In addition, acetic acid content was the highest among short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced. B. longum produced acetic acid very fast within 24 h. L. plantarum cultured in inulin added provided the peak level of acetic acid at 72 h. However, S. cerevisiae tended to decrease the SCFAs with incubation time.

Abstract The significantly decreased availability of the main raw materials for making shrimp paste is a big problem, while most by-products from shrimp processing, especially head, are not yet properly used. Therefore, using shrimp head for shrimp paste production is well motivated. However, traditional shrimp paste is high in salt and can impact health via hypertension, kidney, or cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to produce a reduced sodium shrimp head paste, using 12, 14 or 16-fold amount of shrimp heads relative to salt. The salted shrimp head was fermented for 14-16 hr. Thereafter, it was dried at 60 °C, then ground and fermented further for 30 d. The paste was dried again to 40-45% moisture content and fermented for another 90 d. The total viable count and lactic acid bacteria significantly decreased in all treatments, and no pathogenic microorganisms were detected. After fermentation for 90 d, the aw had decreased in all treatments. The highest shrimp head proportion (16:1) exhibited the highest total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and trimethylamine (TMA) contents. In conclusion, shrimp head can serve as an alternative raw material in shrimp paste with comparatively low salt content that may reduce the risks of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.

Abstract This review article is focused on the nutritional constituents and functional properties of Gnetum gnemon Linn. Among the various plant parts, fruit or seed have been utilized and intensively investigated for food products in India and Indonesia. While the leaves may not be as popular as seeds, they protein sources with complete amino acids and high branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). In addition, the plant has high contents of vitamin A, dietary fiber, minerals (potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, phosphorus) and high chlorophylls, which are related to chlorophyllin synthesis, antioxidant activity, anti-diabetes activity, and health benefits against various diseases. Therefore, G. gnemon is considered a candidate plant with high nutritional potential providing a wide range of essential nutrients and health benefits, and can be used safely as raw material for food, nutraceuticals, and medicinal products.

Abstract Centella asiatica, Bua Bog, has been widely used in Thailand for more than a hundred years as an important medicinal herb. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of blanching time of C. asiatica on antioxidant activity. Developed-pasteurized C. asiatica juice was also evaluated for sensory evaluation, nutrition values, and shelf life. Fresh leaves were blanched in hot water for 0, 1, and 2 minutes, before taking to make a juice and the filtrates were determined total extractable phenolic content (TPC), total extractable flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities. The juice was divided to add with sugar at 1.2, 2.5 and 5% as low sugar (LS), medium sugar (MS), and high sugar (HS). All treatments were evaluated for sensory quality. Selected samples were pasteurized at 85 ± 1 °C for 15 seconds then microbial and sensory evaluation were conducted during storage at 8 °C and 25 °C. The results indicated that the juice obtaining from blanching time for 2 minutes showed the highest value of TPC and TFC, including antioxidant activity. The LS was selected to produce pasteurized juice product that could be stored at 8 °C for 10 days. Therefore, C. asiatica can be pasteurized as juice and used as functional drink.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious global health problem. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is insulin resistance and islet β-cell impairment. Oral medications or injection agents can have negative effects. Literature reviews showed that chlorophyllin inhibit gluconeogenesis and increase glucose uptake by the peripheral muscles. Scientific data also revealed that glutamine, alanine, arginine, and leucine increase insulin secretion by stimulating the changing of glucose to pyruvate and enhancing the TCA cycle to increase activate membrane depolarization. Fiber in either the insoluble or soluble form can reduce blood sugar. Soluble fibers reduce blood sugar by interfering with carbohydrate and fat absorption. Natural products containing high protein and fiber as well as chlorophyllin derivatives have been investigated extensively for anti-diabetes properties. The leaves of Liang contain high protein, fiber, and chlorophyll; therefore, the leaves of this plant must have good potential to be an alternative natural antidiabetic agent.